How Token Economies Increase The Latency Of A Gifted Child...

Token economies have been used successfully to reduce the latency of responding to instructions; Buisson, Murdock, Reynolds and Cronin (1995) used a token economy to decrease the response latency for completing headings within a set time limit in hearing impaired children and Fjellstedt and Sulzer-Azà ¡roff (1973) used a token system to reduce latency of a student who did not follow directions in a given time limit. The children received tokens, which were paired to back up reinforcers contingent upon them being compliant and following directions within the time limit set. In this study the aim is to use procedures similar to these two studies using a token economy to reduce the response latency in compliance of a gifted child getting off their computer from the get off time that they have been given, to when they actually shut down and gets off the computer for the day. The target behaviour is the child not complying with the family rules that state a set time to get off and stay off the computer and iPad each day. The operational definition of getting off the computer/iPad in this case is, the computer and iPad are shutdown completely and the child has removed himself from the computer desk and reported in person to his parents, and does not go back on his computer or iPad for the rest of the night. Method Participants Niall (not real name), an 11-year-old boy identified as gifted scoring in the 99.5 percentile for his age in the Woodcock Johnson III test. He is

Human Development The Stages of Infancy - 1161 Words

The stage of infancy lasts from birth until approximately two years of age (Sigelman Rider, 2010). The physical development from infant to child occurs in a cephalocaudal direction: the head and upper body develop prior to the lower body (Sigelman Rider, 2010). Because of the rapid development at this stage children need to get good solid nutrition and need to be watched closely as they are often unable to coordinate their body or understand the dangers of certain situations (e.g., such as when my one-year old cousin put his finger in an electrical outlet). During this period a great deal of developing and learning occurs. Learning is facilitated through environmental cues, such as the behavior and actions of parents. Very basic skills become mastered throughout this period such as nursing, crying, motor coordination, and the ability to represent images with simple language (Sigelman Rider, 2010). There have been many theorists that have described these changes. Jean Piaget was co ncerned with the cognitive development of the child. He studied the development of the childs ability to think, represent events mentally, and manipulate symbols. Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Abraham Maslow has been noted as the seminal proponent of humanistic psychology. Maslow is most famous for his outlining of a hierarchyShow MoreRelatedA Childs Cognitive Growth1159 Words   |  5 Pagesis human development. Humans go through several stages of development, one of them being infant development. This stage is critical to a child’s cognitive growth. The various stages of infant development each hold equal significance and should be developed appropriately. Infants are especially sensitive and receptive to certain stimuli during this stage. 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Lighting Needs of Houses in Newbold Crossing Free Essays

LIGHTING NEEDS OF THE HOUSE Glare problems; snow or bare ground Newbold is situated in the rural north-west sector of NSW, with Clarence River been the main body of water that passes directly through the area. According to results conducted by the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts  (2009) the turbidity of this large body of water appears to be fair to poor. Turbidity takes into account suspended solids in the water and measures the clarity, absorption of light and the amount of light which gets scattered causing little to no glare to houses on the banks of the river. We will write a custom essay sample on Lighting Needs of Houses in Newbold Crossing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The topography of Newbold is mainly flat with a couple of gentle slopes, which consists of grass land, bare ground and the remainder of the area been surrounded by trees. As the majority of the days throughout the year are sunny with little or no overcast shadows. This means that there is an abundant amount of sunlight which hits the pasture and bare ground with the majority of the amount of sunlight been absorbed with small amounts uv-rays that bounce off and create minimal to no discomfort to the eyes. Pretoria in South Africa is geographically the same in essence as Newbold Crossing in NSW as the same phenomena with glare occurs there. Clarence Way, Newbold NSW 2460 http://maps. google. com. au/maps? hl=entab=wl Natural and artificial methods of lighting Ndebele houses in Pretoria, South Africa only had one opening which was the entrance into the house. As displayed in the picture below the entrance was typically facing the south, this meant that minimal amount of light entered the building. The source of light came from a fire which was set in the middle of the hut. Image 1 Ndebele traditional huts Traditional houses in Pretoria, South Africa have always aimed at eliminating the maximum amount of sunlight that could penetrate their huts. But through the years their huts have evolved and changed due to the influences that they had from the Sotho and Pedi neighbours. In respect to the dimensions of the entrance of their huts, they have gotten bigger meaning that further light could enter the building. This concept is similar to houses first built in Newbold Crossing. Initially they had small window dimensions, as they thought this would minimise the amount of heat that would enter the building, but they suffered from cold nights and low levels of lighting in houses. Soon they developed a new concept where they would have larger window dimensions to allow light into a house so that rooms would be illuminated, and so that relatively low amount of heat would be retained within the household for the cold night, making houses thermally more comfortable. This same concept lead to the idea of large windows been incorporated into Newbold Crossing. The concept has developed as houses in this region have solar passive design. The houses constructed have specific eave dimensions to counteract the amount of sunlight the building takes in. In the winter the sun has a low angle in respect to the horizon of the earth, and the maximum amount of sunlight is absorbed to maintain the building warm and well lit up. But in the summer the angle at which the sun is in respect to the horizon to the earth is greater, this is where the eaves are used to counteract the effect of direct sunlight by the building. To further avoid the abundant amount of direct sunlight, properties in Newbold have trees located in-front of large windows. In the centre and other areas of a house that sunlight does not reach, a skylight is put in place to aid with natural lighting and avoid carbon footprints. The artificial method of lighting in Newbold is through incandescent light bulbs and some of the newer houses use halogen downlights. But the Clarence Valley Council (corresponding council of Newbold) has set up initiatives and emphasised the use of compact fluorescent lights which have less wattage ower but in turn does not require the same amount of energy to run, therefore it uses less electricity and minimises carbon footprints. Taking in mind that there is plenty of sunlight throughout the whole year into households, so artificial lighting should only be used during the evening or for tasks that are complex and require good lighting. REFERENCE Australian Governement, 2009, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, viewed 9 May 2010, Dalton, J 1808, A new system of chemical philosophy, Deansgate, London. How to cite Lighting Needs of Houses in Newbold Crossing, Papers